We have mentioned MSS option in the classroom and you can read about it in section 3.1 of this document. Remember MSS is not a value both ends of a TCP connection have to agree upon.
Selective repeat is another interesting TCP option, that is covered by RFC 2018.
Long fat networks are those with a large bandwidth * delay product. For these networks, a new option is created so window sizes higher than 64KB be used. This is achieved with a new option that scales the windows (receiver, transmitter and congestion) up by a certain multiplier.
Another useful and commonly used option is Time-stamping, that it is covered together with the former in RFC 1323.
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